England

The Kingdom of England is a Britannian nation situated in West Europea. It has an oceanic climate, and most local biomes fall under the following three: mixed forests, moors, and brushes. Most citizens of England are English themselves, and over 95% speak the language. Its land includes most of southern and central Great Britain, the largest island of Britannia. It borders Cumbreland and Scotland, and is very close in some areas to Sark, Devland, and France. The total area of England is 104,350 square kilometres (40,289 square miles), with an estimated population of almost 42 million people.

The Kingdom of England, like most European nations, exerted a widespread influence across geography. The nearby nations of Britannia, as well as Wales across the channel, were heavily influenced historically by England. To this day, many of those nations maintain large English-speaking populations. After the Norman conquest, all of Britannia was united and became a powerful empire. This helped the English to set up several colonies, and spread their influence worldwide. Over time, due to the Home Rule Movement, the nations of Britannia split away, leaving behind England as the heir to the British throne. However, due to the peaceful transitions of power, the nations maintained close and friendly relations. The other nations are usually called dominions, while England is still referred to as a kingdom due to it's status as the remnant of the United Kingdom of Britannia.

England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The capital and largest city is London, a global city and financial centre with a metropolitan area population of over 8 million. Other major cities include Birmingham, York, Leeds, and Norwich. England, as part of the United Kingdom, became one of the first industrialized countries and foremost military powers in the world. In the 21st century, England continues to maintain considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific, technological, and political influence. It's a capitalist nation, using the Great British Pound Sterling.

England is a member of the British Commonwealth, the Transatlantic Treaty Organisation, the Council of Europe, OECD, Five Eyes, Interpol, WTO, and the SoN. England is also a close ally to many nations, including: most of Western Europe, the Commonwealth Countries, TATO, and many others.

Etymology and Terminology
The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means "Land of the Angles". The Angles were one of the Theodic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Anglia peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area (present-day Aquilonian state of Saxony) of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as "Engla londe", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. The term was then used in a different sense to the modern one, meaning "the land inhabited by the English", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the Domesday Book of 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later the Chronicle stated that King Malcolm III went "out of Scotlande into Lothian in Englaland", thus using it in the more ancient sense.

The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which the Latin word Anglii is used. The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. But tribes in that part of Aquilonia more often named themselves after their implements or weapons, so it is more likely the name derives from Proto-Theodic angulaz (fishhook) - that is, the Angles may have been called such because they were a fishing people or were originally descended from such. How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Theodic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony between the Weser and Eider rivers in Northern Aquilonia. In Scottish, another language which developed on the island of Britannia, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn); similarly, the Cumbrish name for the English language is "Saesneg". A romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Cumbrish word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend. Albion is also applied to England in a more poetic capacity, though its original meaning is the island of Britannia as a whole.

Prehistory and Antiquity
Britannia was first settled by Homo Sapiens roughly 30,000 years ago. It is widely believed that the vast majority of the population after the waves of settlement was Insular Celtic. This included not only England, but the rest of Britannia.

In 43 AD, the Roman conquest of Britannia began. Over the span of 41 years, the Romans killed roughly 150,000 people out of the two million inhabitants of Britannia at that time. During the invasions, a large resistance was led by Boudica, the Queen of the Iceni. This revolt was almost successful, but ended at the Battle of Watling Street, where Boudica was defeated. After the Romans succeeded in conquering Britannia, they were able to both bring new goods into Britannia, and take new goods out for themselves. Into Britannia came glass, silk, new crops, concrete, aqueducts, and so much more. The local Celts sold oats, wheat, barley, gold, copper, tin, iron, bronze, and more to the Romans, and had equal status to them as citizens. The Romans first introduced Christianity to Britannia in approximately 180 AD.

Middle Ages
After Rome withdrew from Britain, the Celts were able to retake Britannia. However, this newfound Celtic dominance wouldn't last long. Theodic groups from northwestern continental Europea, mainly the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians invaded and settled Britannia.

In 1066, the Normans, themselves a Theodic group that settled in northern Gallia, invaded Britannia. After conquering modern-day England, they seized large parts of what would now be called Devland and Cumbreland. Once their invasion of central and southern Britannia was complete, they attacked the then-newly-formed Kingdom of Scotland, and conquered Ireland by the 12th century. Thus, Britannia was brought into a personal union by the Normans, who later fully retreated to Britannia after expulsion from Gallia by the French. This personal union would later become the United Kingdom of Britannia, a very powerful nation that would shape history for many years to come. After the Norman conquest, life in Britannia didn't change much. Nearby nations fought wars, and Britannia often joined, usually against France. However, beyond wars, the Middle Ages weren't eventful, and borders remained the same throughout the whole time.

Renaissance
In the 1500's, the Renaissance reached Britannia, bringing with it a flourish of education, discoveries, technologies, culture, and art. Britannia began strengthening its navy, and expanding into the New World. At around the same time, Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church, and declared himself the Head of the Church of Britannia. To this day, almost half of England's population remains Anglican. Henry VIII's reign, now commonly called the Tudor Era, marked a time of great upheaval. Different monarchs after him had different opinions as to which sect of Christianity is correct, and many citizens were persecuted for their beliefs. After the Tudor Era ended, Queen Elizabeth I came to power and ushered in the Elizabethean Era. This was the peak of the Britannian Renaissance, and saw many great plays, artworks, and works of literature produced. In the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign, Britannia began founding colonies abroad, focusing on the Americas. In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh oversaw the founding of an outpost in Roanoke, as a Britannian attempt to end Spain's foothold in the Americas. In 3 years time the colony went missing, a mystery that is yet to be solved.

By the 1600's, the Britannian Parliament was founded. It was intended as a council to advise the monarch, yet over time became the main branch of government. It is led by a Prime Minister, and consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is elected by the people every 4 years, as is the Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the House of Lords is chosen by the monarch as a cabinet or group of advisors to help run the country.

Industrialization and the Modern Era
In the 1700s, steam power was discovered. The Britannians were the first to discover this, and capitalized by setting up coal mines and factories both at home and abroad in their several colonies. This resulted in industrialized forms of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, forestry, and engineering, as well as many new railways, canals, and roads being opened to promote trade and strengthen the economy.

With this expanded capability of production, the Britannians were able to build up a stronger military, and especially navy. Britannia then became involved in part of the Coalition against Napoleon, along with Russia, Italy, and Prussia. During the Napoleonic wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south. However, the Battle of Trafalgar cemented a Britannian supremacy over the Norman Channel, as well as other waterways in Europea.

London became the largest and most economically productive metropolitan area in the world, and Britannian trade was considered the best in the world. In the 1870s however, things started taking a turn. The Home Rule movement began, and after years of negotiating, Britannia was split into the 7 nations that we know today. When the 1900s came along, decolonization movements began to spring up in colonies that England still had abroad. These were also ultimately granted independence, as there were greater political pressures on England.

In the 1910s, many nations of Europea began going to war with each other. They then cemented into two alliances: the Central Powers and the Entente. This event became known as the Great War, and is now called World War 1. England took a central role in it, as part of the Entente. Soon after, in the 1940s, World War 2 happened. This was due to rising fascism in Europea and Asea, as well as the expansionist beliefs held by those nations. After WW2, a spur of technological innovations ocurred, making the most popular forms of travel jet airplanes on long distances, and automobiles on short to medium distances.

Since the 1970s, there has been a move made away from a manufacturing based economy, towards a service based one. Many people still immigrate to England from all over the world, seeking a better place to live or a better job. This, coupled with the advent of computers and the Internet, helps England remain the major power that it is today.